Iluminace 2020, 32(2):53-69 | DOI: 10.58193/ilu.1665

Netnographic Cinema as a Cultural Interface

Chloé Galibert-Laîné
SACRe / ENS de Paris-PSL University

This article introduces the notion of "netnographic cinema" and contextualizes this contemporary filmmaking practice in the light of Lev Manovich's 1997 article "Cinema as a Cultural Interface". First, I present a corpus of contemporary experimental films that are entirely made of appropriated online media and argue that it is productive to interpret this new filmmaking practice in the light of the history of ethnographic cinema. The second part of the article offers a comparative close-analysis of two netnographic films made from the same online material, but adopting different formal strategies for representing that material: Penny Lane's feature-length The Pain of Others (2018), and a medium-length desktop documentary that I produced in response to Lane's film, entitled Watching the Pain of Others (2019). Finally, a third part articulates why such "netnographic" films can be understood as "cultural interfaces", as defined by both Lev Manovich and Indigenous scholar Martin Nakata. The results of the article are twofold: an original theoretical angle is proposed to approach a contemporary filmmaking practice, which is described from the perspective of a practitioner; and a classic article by Lev Manovich is revisited and actualized with considerations to recent developments in the field of Post-Colonial and Indigenous Studies.

Keywords: Experimental Cinema, Online Ethnography, Lev Manovich, Cultural Appropriation, Videographic Research

Published: June 1, 2020  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Galibert-Laîné, C. (2020). Netnographic Cinema as a Cultural Interface. Iluminace32(2), 53-69. doi: 10.58193/ilu.1665
Download citation

References

  1. Lev Manovich, 'Cinema as a Cultural Interface', International Journal of Transmedia Literacy, vol. 1, no. 1 (2015), pp. 221-251.
  2. Lev Manovich, The Language of New Media (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2001). Go to original source...
  3. Jay Ruby, Picturing Culture: Explorations of Film and Anthropology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
  4. Catherine Russell, Experimental Ethnography (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999).
  5. Robert K. Kozinets, Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online (London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2010).
  6. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Addison-Wesley: Reading, 1993).
  7. Na Sun, Patrick Pei-Luen Rau, and Liang Ma, 'Understanding lurkers in online communities: A literature review', Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 38, September (2014), pp. 110-117. Go to original source...
  8. James Brow, 'Notes on Community, Hegemony, and the Uses of the Past', Anthropological Quarterly, vol. 65 (1990), pp. 1-5.
  9. Bronis³aw Malinowski, Argonauts of the Western Pacific (Boston: Dutton, 1961).
  10. Jean Rouch, 'The Camera and Man', Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communication', vol. 1, no. 1 (1974), p. 43. Go to original source...
  11. Jay Ruby, 'Speaking for, speaking about, speaking with, or speaking alongside: an anthropological and documentary dilemma', Journal of Film and Video, vol. 44, no. 1/2 (1992), p. 53. Go to original source...
  12. Faye Ginsburg, 'Indigenous Media: Faustian Contract or Global Village?', Cultural Anthropology, vol. 6, no. 1 (1991), pp. 92-112. Go to original source...
  13. André Gunthert, 'La consécration du selfie. Une histoire culturelle', Etudes photographiques, vol. 32 (2015). Online:, [accessed 20 April 2020].
  14. Hito Steyerl, 'In Defense of the Poor Image', e-flux journal, vol. 10, no. 11 (2009). Online:, [accessed 20 April 2020].
  15. Trinh T. Minh-ha, When the Moon Waves Red (New York: Routledge, 1991).
  16. Brad Haseman, 'A Manifesto for Performative Research', Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy, vol. 118, no. 1 (February 2006), pp. 98-106. Go to original source...
  17. Catherine Grant, 'The audiovisual essay as performative research', NECSUS. European Journal of Media Studies, vol. 5, no. 2 (2016). Online:, [accessed 20 April 2020].
  18. Chloé Galibert-Laîné, 'Watching the Pain of Others', [in]Transition. Journal of Videographic Film & Moving Image Studies, vol. 6, no. 3 (2019). Online:, [accessed 20 April 2020]. Go to original source...
  19. Richard Brody, 'Highlights from the 2018 Maryland Film Festival', The New Yorker, May 2018.
  20. Paul Hockings (ed.), Principles of Visual Anthropology (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1975). Go to original source...
  21. Roger Sandall, 'Observation and Identity', Sight and Sound Magazine, vol. 4, no. 41 (1972), pp. 192-196.
  22. Stephen Saito, 'Interview: Penny Lane on Keeping Up Appearances with "The Pain of Others"', The Moveable Fest, June 2018. Online: [accessed April 20 2020].
  23. Nora Alter, The Essay Film After Fact and Fiction (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018).
  24. Anna Grimshaw and Amanda Ravetz, 'Rethinking Observational Cinema', The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol. 15, no. 3 (2009), p. 541. Go to original source...
  25. Ruth Behar, The Vulnerable Observer: Anthropology that Breaks Your Heart (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996).
  26. Nigel G. Fielding, Raymond M. Lee and Grant Blank (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Online Research Methods (London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2017). Go to original source...
  27. Francesco Casetti, The Lumière Galaxy: Seven Key Words for the Cinema to Come (New York: Columbia University Press, 2015). Go to original source...
  28. Martin Nakata, 'Anthropological texts and Indigenous standpoints', Australian Aboriginal Studies, no. 2 (1998), p. 3.
  29. Martin Nakata, Disciplining the Savages, Savaging the Disciplines (Acton: Aboriginal Studies Press, 2007).

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.